Applications and Features of adhesion promoter

Adhesion promoters belong to chemical substances, when it is in production, there is a lot of stress, which is a lot of use because of the need to meet the requirement of today. Now i tell you this article is about the application of an adhesion promoter and the characteristics, the following will look together specific introduction.

Due to the different chemical nature of these compounds, therefore the paint formulator to use them when they have to be separately evaluated. Contains an epoxy functional group or a methoxy group aids in improving the various aspects of the coating system on the adhesion of glass, aluminum and steel plate is effective. Contain adjuvants methacrylate functional group or a methoxy group can improve the adhesion of the free radical curable resin an inorganic substrate. Epoxy functional group-containing silicone compound to improve the coating systems of the different adhesive strength of the inorganic substrate and a coating of water resistance. Powders containing epoxy functionality transparent silicone rubber particles can improve the wear resistance of the coating, and the coating surface as smooth as silk, has a matting effect.

Can significantly improve the binding force of the resin with various substrates; widely used in a variety of coating systems and formulation system. High-strength adhesion and bonding strength glue focus, this performance of traditional products on the market can not match. Can greatly increase the adhesion between the layers of paint and primer coat between the coating significantly improved resistance to moisture, resistance to salt spray performance and heat resistance. A very small amount, you can get high-strength adhesion and bonding strength. Has excellent storage stability and long-term nature in the paint and coating systems.

All the Description above is the application of an adhesion promoter, i believe after our introduction, may have a certain understanding in this area also, its role is very powerful for improving the adhesion between the layers, improving the wet performance has a significant effect.

Related knowledge of vinyltrimethoxysilane

Vinyl silane may  refer generically to any vinyl-substituted silane, such as vinyltrimethoxysilane or vinyltriethoxysilane. In this context it can refer to a monomer used for some copolymer plastics such as ethylene-vinyltrimethoxysilane and ethylene-vinyl acetate-vinyltrimethoxysilane. Today，we will tell you something about vinyltrimethoxysilane are as follows:

Performance and characteristics

Colorless transparent liquid having an ester flavor, the slow hydrolysis under the influence of water to generate the corresponding silanol. Soluble in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, toluene, acetone and other organic solvents. Vinyltrimethoxysilane is a generic type organic silane coupling agent, mainly used to make polyethylene crosslinking agent; glass fiber surface treatment agent; synthesis of specialty coatings; surface moisture treatment of electronic components; inorganic siliceous filler surface treatment. 

Security Terms 

1、In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.

2、Wear suitable protective clothing.

Risk Phrases

1、Flammable

2、Irritating to eyes and respiratory system.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/related-knowledge-of-vinyltrimethoxysilane-a303.html)

How to apply epoxy resins on floors

Epoxy resin products come in a variety of colors and textures to create a decorative floor coating over a concrete subfloor. The surface is durable and easy to clean, which makes resin floor covering ideal for a garage and other high-traffic locations. Then how to apply epoxy resins on floors will make a introduction as below.

Sweep and mop the floor using a stiff-bristle broom and a rope mop with pH-neutral floor cleaner to remove any dirt present on the floor surface. Use a degreaser and a scrub brush to remove any oil-based staining on the floor as well. Dirt and oil both will interfere with the epoxy resin, causing adhesion problems as well as discoloration. Allow the floor 24 hours drying time before adding the resin.

Mix the resin as instructed by the manufacturer in a large bucket. When using an aggregate, first mix the two resin components together in the bucket with an electric drill containing a paddle attachment, then mix the additive into the epoxy until you have a mix that's spreadable by a steel trowel. You want just enough epoxy with the aggregate to bind the chosen addition aggregate material together.

Pour the mixture onto the floor beginning in the corner furthest from the room's entrance. Cover the floor in small areas at a time, about 5 square feet, to avoid having to make large batches of resin at a time that may cure in the bucket before you can apply it to the floor.

Spread the epoxy over the small floor segment. Use a paint roller for an epoxy mixture without aggregate added. Roll the epoxy in lines across the floor with the roller, overlapping each line until you cover the section. Use a steel trowel instead of a paint roller if working with an epoxy containing an aggregate in the mix. Spread the epoxy in a layer across the floor in a layer of about 1/4 inch thick, leveling it out as you go along with the flat of the trowel.

Apply the next section of flooring by spreading the covering from the still wet surface of the first section. Always spread from a wet area of epoxy to a dry area in order to avoid leaving lines showing the separation of the smaller sections. Work your way towards the opening in the room section by section to cover the entire floor with the epoxy.

Allow the epoxy to dry for the length of time that the manufacturer recommends before attempting to step onto the floor.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/how-to-apply-epoxy-resins-on-floors-90c6.html)

Epoxy Chemistry

Epoxy resins are low molecular weight pre-polymers or higher molecular weight polymers which normally contain at least two epoxide groups. The epoxide group is also sometimes referred to as a glycidyl or oxirane group.

A wide range of epoxy resins are produced industrially. The raw materials for epoxy resin production are today largely petroleum derived, although some plant derived sources are now becoming commercially available (e.g. plant derived glycerol used to make epichlorohydrin).

Epoxy resins are polymeric or semi-polymeric materials, and as such rarely exist as pure substances, since variable chain length results from the polymerisation reaction used to produce them. High purity grades can be produced for certain applications, e.g. using a distillation purification process. One disadvantage of high purity liquid grades is their tendency to form crystalline solids due to their highly regular structure, which require melting to enable processing.

An important characteristic of epoxy resins is the epoxide content. This is commonly expressed as the epoxide number, which is the number of epoxide equivalents in 1 kg of resin (Eq./kg), or as the equivalent weight, which is the weight in grams of resin containing 1 mole equivalent of epoxide (g/mol). One measure may be simply converted to another:

Equivalent weight (g/mol) = 1000 / epoxide number (Eq./kg)

The equivalent weight or epoxide number is used to calculate the amount of co-reactant (hardener) required when curing epoxy resins. Epoxies are typically cured with stoichiometric or near-stoichiometric quantities of curative to achieve the best physical properties.

As with other classes of thermosetting polymer materials, blending different grades of epoxy resin, as well as use of additives, plasticizers or fillers is common to achieve the desired processing and/or final properties, or to reduce cost. Use of blending, additives, and fillers is often referred to as formulating.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/epoxy-chemistry-9a23.html)

Silanes as adhesion promoters

Due to silane special structure and compose, has been successfully used to adhesion promoters, surface treatment agent for decades. Now silane have become the indispensable constituent of coatings and ink system .

When the coating contains a small amount of a silane coupling solvent, after which the coating of silane with the substrate migrate into the interface of the coating, the water reacts with the inorganic surface, the hydrolysis of a silanol group, and then form a hydrogen bond with the substrate surface hydroxyl groups or condensed -Si-M (M is an inorganic surface), while the silanol group of the silane molecules condensed with each other again, the membrane covering the mesh structure is formed on the substrate surface oligomerization. Even under flooding conditions, the silane coupling agent-modified substrate surface coatings of various inorganic good adhesions. Paint in the boundary layer between the base and the substrate, silane-based interaction with the paint, and varnish formation of silane-based mutual penetration of the network structure, and enhance the stability of their cohesion and water erosion, and stress in order by modulus the low modulus of the substrate to transfer the paint base, in order to significantly improve the adhesion to the substrate.

Product  Recommendation:

product	Resin Type	Typical concentrations	Function / Advantage
AC-D210	Acrylic, alkyd resin, epoxy resin,  polyester, polyurethane, vinyl	Primer: diluted with isopropyl alcohol into 10% solids; additives: 0.5-3.0%	Adhesion to a variety of coating systems for glass, aluminum and steel surfaces to enhance
AC-410	Acrylic, alkyd resin, epoxy resin, polyester, polyurethane, vinyl, unsaturated polyester resins	Primer: in acidic (PH-4.0)  water  was diluted to 0.1% -0.5%; additives: 0.5-3.0%	To enhance the adhesion of  the radical cross-linked resin for inorganic substrates
AC-310	Acrylic, alkyd resin, epoxy resin, nitrocellulose,  phenolic, polyester, polyurethane, vinyl	Primer:  with isopropanol diluted to 10% solids; additives: 0.5-3.0%	Adhesion to a variety of coating systems for glass, aluminum and steel surfaces to enhance
AC-510/AC-520/AC-521	Acrylic, alkyd resin, epoxy resin, polyester, polyurethane, vinyl		Used for acrylic paint and other  various kinds coatings, and surface  treatment of the pigment

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/silanes-as-adhesion-promoters-bcca.html)

Silane on the application of coatings and inks

Due to silane special structure and compose, has been successfully used to adhesion promoters, surface treatment agent for decades. Now silane have become the indispensable constituent of coatings and ink system . Whether it is used as an additive or coating primer will endow excellent performance of coatings and printing ink.

Silane is a molecular structure which has a bifunctional group, represented by the formula is expressed as Y (CH2) nSiX3, wherein Y represents an alkyl group, a phenyl group and a vinyl group, an epoxy group, an amino group, a mercapto group and other organic functional groups, often with a coating  matrix resin organic functional groups chemically bonded; X represents a chloro group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, etc. These groups easily hydrolyzed to silanol groups with the inorganic materials (glass, silica, metal, clay, etc.)  the oxide on the surface or hydroxyl groups .The reaction to form a stable silicon-oxygen bond. Accordingly, by a silane coupling agent, can be set up between inorganic material and organic material interface "molecular bridge",the two properties completely different materials together  . Silanol functional groups of the organic functional group, and silane reactive groups can determine what role the silane in the coating system.

According to the different combination of materials, the role of the silane be summarized as follows:
Improve coating adhesion.
Improve durability of the coating.
To improve the weather resistance of the coating.
Improve the coating toughness.
Significantly reduce the viscosity of the dispersion of fillers and pigments to improve the dispersibility of the pigment

Then, what the role of silane in the primer? Covalent bond of silicon atoms have the organic matter and inorganic matter unique function ,silica internal born with stable structure, make it become an important part of high performance coating primer. In the primer using silane coupling agent can improve the sticky nature, to maintain its humidity, chemical resistance, UV resistance and enhanced; improved filler dispersion. Alkoxysilane is compatible with many organic resin. In fact, the silane is a strong polar solvent, polymerization of silane again affect the compatibility of the polymer and the final properties. In the organic matter and inorganic matter surfaces (for example, pigments, fillers, and glass, metal surfaces),  an inorganic of the alkoxy-functional groups covalently coupled to a large number of the organic group. Organic functional groups of silane just find the matching organic polymer will produce excellent effect.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/silane-on-the-application-of-coatings-and-inks-a09f.html)

Vinyltrimethoxysilane applications and precautions

Vinyltrimethoxysilane is one of the products of silane coupling agent,it has many applications and precautions.
Applications:
Vinyltrimethoxysilane is suitable for PE and copolymers of different density and plastic products of complicated profiles. It is suitable for use at high temperature. It provides the polymer with high resistance to decomposition at pressure, abrasion and impact as well as shape memory effect. To modify PE and other polymers, it can be grafted to the backbone chain of polymer so the side chain of polymer is provided with ester group as the active point for cross-linking in hot water. It can be used for the jacketing and insulation of wire and cables, tubing and other extruded or molded products.
Precautions on transportation and storage：
Avoid leakage,collapse, fall and damage during transportation. Combined shipment with oxidants, alkalis, alcohols and food additive chemical is strictly prohibited.Keep away from direct sunlight, rain and high temperature.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/vinyltrimethoxysilane-applications-and-precautions-9f57.html)

Application of silanes in dentistry

There are many applications of silanes,such as silane adhesion promoters,building protection,cables and pipes,fillers and pigments,dentistry and so on.Today,we will focus on explaining application of silanes in dentistry,we will tell you something about it as follows:
Ceramic restorations and repairs
Silane coupling agents are used in dental restoration, such as ceramic repairs of onlays, inlays, crowns and bridges. For most patients, repair is more economical and time-saving than the fabrication of new restorations, unless damage due to a fracture is beyond repair. The clinical procedure for repairing ceramic restoration usually involves the following steps: roughening the surface with diamond burs, sand-blasting the surface, acid etching, silanization and finally bonding to resin composite.
Glass fibre-reinforced composites
A relatively new group of dental biomaterials, the glass fibre-reinforced composites, is used in fixed partial dentures, removable prosthodontics, periodontal splints and retention splints. The adhesion between the glass fibre and resin composite is improved by adding a silane coupling agent. The silane forms siloxane linkages with the surface hydroxyl groups of glass fibre. The organo-functional groups of silane react with the functional group in the resin composite. Thus, the bonding strength is increased between resin composite and glass fibre.
Resin composite filling materials
Nowadays,dental resin composites are composed of a resin matrix that contains monomers and cross-linking monomers, as well as a free-radical initiator, an inhibitor, colouring pigments, filler materials such as barium glass, silica, apatite and a silane coupling agent. The latter enhances the bonding between the filler particles and the resin matrix. The filler particles added to the resin matrix also improve the physical and mechanical properties of the resin composite. Moreover, the addition of fillers reduces volume shrinkage after polymerisation, and improves the aesthetic appearance and radiopacity.
Titanium, noble metal and base metal alloys
Titanium, noble metals and cobalt–chromium (base metal) alloys are commonly used for removable partial and complete dentures with a metal frame incorporated and metal–resin cement restorations. For these metal and metal alloys, surface conditioning by sand-blasting using silica-coated alumina particles produces a silica-coated layer on the surface. Application of a silane coupling agent to the silica-coated surfaces forms a durable siloxane linkage. This is followed by cementation.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/application-of-silanes-in-dentistry-bfb9.html)

How much do you know about our company?

How much do you know about our company?Today I will introduce it to your,let your know us better!
Silane adhesion promoters,silane crosslinkers,silane moisture scavengers,silane coupling agents and silane resin modifiers are our proud of products of Nanjing Aocheng Chemical Co., Ltd.,which is a member of Aocheng Group. Nanjing Aocheng Chemical Co., Ltd. is a leading and reliable supplier of organo-functional silanes and some inorgano-functional silanes in China.
 Organo-functional silanes or organosilanes are often used as Silane adhesion promoters,silane crosslinkers,silane moisture scavengers, silane coupling agents and silane resin modifiers in coatings & paints, adhesives & sealants,plastics & rubbers,mineral treatment and fiberglass composites domestic in China and worldwide.Our team has been in silane business for more than 15 years,during which we are awarded as an excellent supplier for hundreds of companies and also get “Technology Innovation Award”from them.
 （source：http://www.ac-chem.net/news/how-much-do-you-know-about-our-company-9bf9.html）

The application of silane coupling agent

Silane coupling agent is essentially a class of organic functional groups of silane, in its elements at the same time be able to have the quality and inorganic materials (such as glass, silica sand, metal, etc.) combined with the chemical reaction of groups and the organic matter and materials (synthetic resin Etc.) combined with the chemical reaction group.
The application of silane coupling agent can be broadly divided into three areas:
(A) for the surface treatment of glass fiber, glass fiber can improve the adhesion properties of resin and has greatly enhanced the glass fiber-reinforced composites strength, electrical, water resistance, anti-climate, such as performance, even in the wet, it the mechanical properties of composite materials to improve the results would be very significant. At present, the use of glass fiber silane coupling agent has been quite common for this area of silane coupling agent about the 50% of total consumption, which is used in more varieties is a Vinyltrimethoxysilane,Amino Silane, propylene-methyl silane and so on.
(B) inorganic filler used to fill plastic. Can be conducted in advance of the filler surface treatment, but also directly to join in the resin. Fill in the resin can improve the dispersion and adhesion, improving technology to enhance performance and fill plastic (including rubber), machinery, electrical and weather-resistant properties, and so on.
(C) used as a sealant, adhesive and paint the tackifier, to increase their bonding strength, water resistance, weather-resistant properties, and so on. Silane coupling agent is often able to resolve some of the adhesive material for a long time can not be solved. Silane coupling agent tackifier as the role of the principle that it is, there are two groups; a group and stick to the combination of frame materials; and the other is a group with the polymer material or adhesive , In order to form a strong bond interface chemical bonds higher, greatly improved the adhesive strength. The application of silane coupling agent in general there are three ways: First, as a reinforcing material surface treatment agent; second is added to the adhesive, three directly into the polymer material. From its full effectiveness and cost point of view, the first two methods better.
Silane coupling agent in the adhesives industry specific applications the following areas:
① structural adhesives in the metal and non-metallic bonding, the use of silane-type tackifier, and the metal oxide will be able to condensation, or with another silane alcohol condensation, so that the atoms of silicon and plastic materials were firmly on the surface Contact. If the phenolic structure of nitrile rubber silane for the addition of tackifier, can significantly improve the bonding strength.
② bonding in the glass fiber connection at home and abroad have been widely used for silane treatment agent. It can interface with the chemical reaction, so as to enhance the bonding strength. For example, if neoprene bonding agents do not have to deal with silane, peel strength for bonding 1.07 kg / cm 2, if used to make amino-silane agent, the bonding strength of the spin-off of 8.7 kg / cm 2.
③ in the rubber and other materials bonding, silane tackifier has a special function. It is clear to raise a variety of rubber and other materials of the bonding strength. For example, glass and polyurethane rubber bonding, if do not have to deal with silane agent, adhesive peel strength to 0.224 kg / cm 2, if the increase in silane, peel strength was 7.26 kg / cm 2.
④ have been unable to use ordinary adhesive bonding solution to the issue of silane coupling agent can be used at times to solve. Such as aluminum and polyethylene, silicone rubber and metal, silicone rubber and plexiglass can be based on chemical bond theory, the choice of silane coupling agent, to be a satisfactory solution. For example, the use of vinyl-tert-butyl peroxide silane (Y-4310) can bond with aluminum foil and polyethylene; butadiene with the three-silicone triethoxysilane can and pull away from the intensity of metal To reach 21.6 ~ 22.4 kg / cm 2. General adhesive resin or with the use of coupling agent can not only improve the adhesive strength, which is more important is to increase the adhesive force of the water resistance and durability. Such as polyurethane and epoxy resin materials, although many have high adhesive strength, adhesion, but the water resistance and durability is not ideal; adding silane coupling agent after this performance can be significantly improved .
Silane coupling agent of the other aspects of the application include:
① so that the immobilized enzyme attached to the glass substrate surface,
② oil well drilling in the sand,
③ so that the brick surface with a hydrophobic,
④ through the anti-moisture absorption, so that the fluorescent coating on the surface has a high resistance;
⑤ improve the column of liquid organic glass surface relative to the moisture absorption

（source：http://www.ac-chem.net/news/the-application-of-silane-coupling-agent-a9ec.html）

New silane coupling agents for truck tire applications

There are many applications of silane coupling agents,today,Nanjing Aocheng Chemical CO., LTD  will tell you more about new silane coupling agents for truck tire applications are as follows:

The use of silica to reinforce elastomers is well known in the passenger car tire industry. The silica is chemically bonded to the rubber matrix using silane coupling agents. Sulfur-containing alkoxysilanes, such as 1-(trietboxy-silanyl)-3-[3-(triethoxy-silanyl)-propyltetrasulfanyl]-propane (5), often referred to as TESPT, and octanethioic acid S-[3-(triethoxy-silanyl)-propyl] ester (6), are used to covalently bond the rubber to the silica. The silanes (5) and (6) contain functional groups that react well with the rubbers typically used in passenger tire tread compound, such as styrene-butadiene rubber and butadiene rubber. Because these rubbers are chemically bonded or linked to the silica, the silica-filled elastomer is better able to transfer stress and has less hysteresis than carbon black-filled elastomers. In carbon black-filled elastomers, the rubber is physi-adsorbed onto the surface of the filler. These characteristics of the silica-filled elastomers reduce the rolling resistance and improve the wet traction of passenger car tires.

Reducing rolling resistance and extending wear life of tread compound are also of strong interest for truck tires. The tread compounds used in fabricating truck tires are based upon natural rubber. When silica replaces carbon black in natural rubber-based formulations, a reduction of rolling resistance is observed. However, these compounds have poor wear properties. Tread compounds containing silica filler and silanes (5) or (6) are unable to match the wear performance of tread compounds containing highly reinforcing carbon black fillers. The replacement of carbon black by silica in truck tread compounds has been stymied by ineffective coupling of the silica to natural rubber.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/new-silane-coupling-agents-for-truck-tire-applications-907e.html)

Silanes Protect Concrete Road Surfaces from Water Penetration

We know that there are many applications of silanes ,such as silane coupling agent,silane adhesion promoters,silane crosslinkers,silane moisture scavengers,so the effect of silane and we know what?We will tell you more about the effect of silane in water penetration are as follows:

Drivers may have fewer potholes to dodge, and local governments may be able to save money, thanks to Isobutyltrimethoxysilane for concrete formulators that can help repel water and protect highway infrastructure from weather damage.

Harsh weather wreaks havoc on roads and bridges, which can lead to dangerous driving conditions, In addition, increased maintenance costs can be a drain on severely strained state and local budgets. So it would be grateful to solve these problems by just adding something into the concrete.

The freeze-thaw cycles in winter allow water to penetrate the concrete road surfaces. When that water freezes, it expands, which creates pressure that causes the concrete to crack, resulting in hazardous potholes. On top of that, the seeping water often carries deicing salts with it, which can cause or accelerate corrosion of steel reinforcing bars, compromising the integrity of the infrastructure.

Isobutyltrimethoxysilane can offer water repellent properties to concrete when applied as a penetrating treatment. Silane molecules are small and reactive, and work at a microscopic level by penetrating into and bonding to the concrete. Once applied, the layer of silane, which even in high-strength concrete can be up to 4-5 millimeters thick, creates an umbrella of protection that keeps water out.

Using silanes as a penetrating treatment in concrete is one way to help keep roads safer and longer lasting, Isobutyltrimethoxysilane provides a convenient, proven and cost-effective way to get the right products to help prevent weather damage from occurring in the first place, so that local governments can spend less money repairing infrastructure.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/silanes-protect-concrete-road-surfaces-from-water-penetration-9078.html)

Silanes for Adhesives

  Nanjing Aocheng Chemical Co.,LTD is a supplier  of silane , let's introduce the silane adhesion promoters are as follows:

Silane adhesion promoters are bifunctional organosilicone compounds which act as molecular bridges between the polymer matrix of an adhesive or sealant and the substrate, either inorganic or organic.

The silane end contains hydrolysable alkoxy groups that are activated by reaction with ambient moisture. The hydrolysable alkoxy groups attached to the silicon end of the silane are typically either methoxy or ethoxy. Once activated (hydrolyzed), the resultant silanol groups will condense with o ther silanols or with reactive groups on the surface of a substrate such as SiOH, AIOH, or other metal oxides or hydroxides.The silane’s ability to bond to a surface will generally be determined by the concentration of such sites on the surface. Selecting the optimal silane for an application requires matching the reactivity of the silane‘s organofunctional group to that of the polymer.

The silanes can be blended into an adhesive formulation or used as primers on substrates. The structure and re activity of the silane will affect the ability of the silane to migrate. The most effective way to promote adhesion is to apply the silane as a primer to the surface, followed by application of the adhesive/sealant.

In this way, the silane will be on the s urface and therefore at the interface where it can enhance adhesion between the polymer and the substrate. Silane primers are usually dilute solutions of 0.5 to 5 percent silane in alcohol or water/alcohol solvent. They are wiped or sprayed on the substrate, after which the solvent is allowed to evaporate. While the concentration needed for a specific application may vary, one percent (1%) based on resin content is recommended as a good starting point.

The organofunctional group of the silane can react, and bond to, the polymer backbone. Residual moisture activates the silane’s alkoxy groups to the active silanol form which react with each other, liberating
moisture, and forming siloxane bonds between the polymers. The resulting Si-O-Si crosslink is extremely durable, offering excellent weather, UV, temperature, chemical and moisture resistance.

The filler may either be treated with silane before it is added to the sealant formulation (pretreatment method), or it can bind with the filler during compounding (additive method).

Alkoxysilanes react very rapidly with water;they are usually used to capture excess moisture in sealants and adhesives.

Vinyltrimethoxysilane is the most common moisture scavenger , due to the electron interactions of the vinyl group it reacts with moisture faster than other alkoxy silanes, enabling it to function as a moisture scavenger in the presence of other silanes incorporated as adhesion promoters, crosslinkers or coupling agents. The amount of silane added will depend on the water content of the formulation constituents.

Methanol is formed as a byproduct, and the vinyl silane crosslinks into an inactive species in the formulation. Other alkoxy silanes, such as methyltrimethoxysilane, are also used as waters.

 
(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/silanes-for-adhesives-8e0b.html)

Silanes as Primers and Adhesion Promoters

Organosilanes are "molecular bridges" that are used as primers and adhesion promoters for coatings or adhesives. The addition of a silane at the interface results in high bond strength and corrosion resistance. The chemical link created by the use of a silane contributes various benefits, such as:

• A strong bond between the inorganic surface and the organic polymer to provide enhanced adhesion in both wet and dry environments;
• a barrier to prevent moisture penetration through the interface;
• improved bulk physical properties of the coating or adhesive through enhanced adhesion between the polymer and the filler particles within the formulation and the efficient transfer of stress from the resin to the filler;
• effective dispersion of fillers and reduction in the apparent viscosity of the system.

Silanes are a group of specialty organo functional compounds that possess dual reactivity. The silanes act chemically with both the metal substrate and the organic base polymer in the coating or adhesive.The silane adhesion promotes and protects the metal substrate by forming covalent bonds across the interface that are both strong and durable.

Silanes can be applied directly to the substrate, similar to conventional primers, or they can be mixed into the coating or adhesive formulation as an additive. Optimum results are generally achieved by using the silane as a substrate primer. When applied directly to the substrate, they are very thin coatings only about one monolayer in thickness. When mixed with the coating, the coupling agent is capable of migrating to the interface and reacting with the substrate surface as the coating or adhesive dries.

Over the last 20 years, the silane adhesion promoter marketplace has evolved to include a plethora of materials of which organosilanes have secured a prominent position. The choice of a particular silane will depend on the specific formulation of the coating or adhesive, on the substrate and on the method of application.

Optimizing the potential properties of silane systems offers a challenge.There are many parameters that can effect the performance of silane. Therefore, it is recommended that the silane supplier be contacted to assist in making a selection.

Silanes are multifunctional in that they can be used to promote crosslinking, and they can be incorporated directly into a polymer chain by various reaction mechanisms. In addition to coatings and adhesives, silanes have multiple commercial uses, such as coupling agents for reinforced plastics, crosslinking agents for polyethylene cables, and dispersants for paints and printing inks.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/silanes-as-primers-and-adhesion-promoters-b75e.html)

Amino silane

Improvement of the efficiency of carbon dioxide (CO2) separation from flue gases has been identified as a high-priority research  area to reduce the total energy cost of carbon capture and sequestration technologies in coal-fired power plants. Efficient CO2 removal from flue gases by adsorption systems requires the design of novel sorbents  capable of capturing, concentrating and recovering CO2 on a cost-effective basis. The  preparation of a novel amino silane-functionalized cellulosic polymer sorbent by grafting of amino silanes showed promising performance for CO2 separation and capture. A strategy for the introduction of N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminoisobutyldimethylmethoxysilane functionalities into cellulose acetate backbone by anhydrous grafting is described in this study. The dry sorption capacity of the amino silane-functionalized cellulosic polymer reached 27 cc (STP) CO2/ cc sorbent at 1 atm and 39 cc (STP) CO2/ cc sorbent at 5 atm and 308 K. Exposure to water vapor slightly  increased the sorption capacity of the sorbent, suggesting its potential for rapid cyclic adsorption processes under humid feed conditions. In addition, a strategy for the preparation of a cellulose acetate-titanium(IV) oxide sorbent by the reaction of cellulose acetate with titanium tetrachloride is presented. The organic-metal hybrid sorbent presented a sorption capacity of 14 cc (STP) CO2/ cc sorbent  at 1 atm and 49 cc (STP) CO2/ cc sorbent at 5 atm and 308 K. The novel CO2 sorbents were characterized in terms of chemical composition, density changes, molecular structure, thermal stability, and surface morphology.

silane in fiberglass

1. Glass fiber surface treatment Objective and Significance
　　Surface treatment is a processing which use the treating agent to cover the surface of reinforcement.These treating agents include treating compound, some of silane coupling agent and auxiliaries. It helps forming a well bond surface between reinforcement and substrate and also can improve various properties of compound materials.
　　Significance of treatment: We know that function of compound materials are not only related with content and property of resin and fiber, but also greatly depend on the bond of resin and fiber. Surface treatment includes interface processing which is coating a called “surface treatment agent” on the surface of glass fiber. This agent could solidly combined fiber and resin so as to increase the function of glass.
　　
2. Silane coupling agent and their reaction theories.
　　Silane coupling agent is this kind of materials which are usually have two different groups on
themselves ends. One end’s groups have the chemical action or physics action with the surface of
reinforcement, while the other end’s groups can react with base materials, so that well bond the
reinforcement with substrate to get the good bonding between interfaces and improve many respects of functions and effectively resist water.
　　Organic-functional silane is a kind of surface treating agent with many different and effective kinds and it’s normal chemical structure is RnSiX4-n.
There are four steps to treat fiber glass with Organic functional Silane coupling agent:
1. First, there are three unreliable X groups in atom Si to hydrolyze
2. Second, the silane coupling agent condensate Oligomers
3. Third, those oligomers formed hydrogen bond with the “–OH” group of the glass fiber surface
4. Last, In the process of drying and curing, silane creates covalent bonds with glass fiber surface.

3. Glass fiber surface processing method and factors.
　1. The treatment method of silane coupling agents for the surface of fiberglass:
　（1）Post-treatment （2）Pre-treatment （3）Grafting
Most of silanes are used in treating compound of fiberglass. We will mainly introduced pre-treatment.
　　Changing the formula of treating compound appropriately, it is not only meet the requirements of fiber forming, spinning and other process, but also not hinder the infiltrating and adhesion between the resin matrix and fiberglass. And also not hinder resin base material wetting and sticking on glass fiber. In the process of fiber forming, we add the silane coupling agent into the treating compound which make the surface treating agent coated on the surface of fiberglass, and we call this process is pre-treatment, which is weaving fiber cloth with fiber which is covered by reinforced treating compound.
  2. The dosage of silane coupling agent and factors of treatment.
　a. The dosage of silane coupling agent
　　Playing the role in silane coupling agent is the micro-quantity of monolayer of silane coupling agent. And the appropriately dosage of each kind of silane is result from the experiment.
Attention: the dosage of silane coupling agent can calculate:
Computing method: V2/ V1 = M
V1: The minimum coating area of 1g silane coupling agent
V2: The surface area of 100g reinforced materials
M: The required quantity of silane coupling agent to coat a monolayer in 100g treated materials.
b. Factors of treatment:
1) The dosage of silane coupling agent
2) The temperature and time of drying
3) The pH value of treatment compound

5. Requirements on silane coupling in fiberglass industry
a. Silane coupling must be dispersed in water, because the wetting agent of fiberglass adopts water as the carrier;
b. Purity of silane coupling should be higher, such as AC-220 requires the purity is higher than 98%; if the content is low and foreign substance is too much, the strength of the compound materials will change greatly;
C. The hydrolysis rate is required to be within 30 min, affecting the production efficiency of wetting agent.
d. It can improve the strength and electric properties, etc. of fiberglass reinforced resin.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/Silane-in-Fiberglass-8a3a.html)

Typical Silane Applications

Silane Coupling Agent: Organofunctional alkoxysilanes are used to couple organic polymers to inorganic materials. Typical of this application are reinforcements, such as fiberglass and mineral  fillers, incorporated into plastics and rubbers. They are used with both thermoset and thermoplastic systems. Fiberglass applications include auto bodies, boats, shower stalls, printed circuit boards, satellite dishes, plastic pipes and vessels, and many others. Mineral-filled systems include reinforced polypropylene, silica-filled molding compounds, silicon-carbide grinding wheels, aggregate-filled polymer concrete, sand-filled foundry resins, clay-filled EPDM wire and cable, clay- and silica-filled rubber for automobile tires, shoe soles, mechanical goods and many other applications.

Silane Adhesion Promoter: Silane coupling agents are effective adhesion promoters when used as integral additives or primers for paints, inks, coatings, adhesives and sealants. As integral additives, they must migrate to the interface between the adhered product and the substrate to be effective. By using the right silane coupling agent, a poorly adhering paint, ink, coating, adhesive or sealant can be converted to a material that often will maintain adhesion even if subjected to severe environmental conditions.

 Hydrophobing and Dispersing Agent: Alkoxysilanes with hydrophobic organic groups attached to silicon will impart that same hydrophobic character to a hydrophilic inorganic surface. They are used as durable hydrophobing agents in construction, bridge and deck applications. They are also used to hydrophobe inorganic powders to make them free-flowing and dispersible in organic polymers and liquids.

Silane Crosslinking Agent: Organofunctional alkoxysilanes can react with organic polymers to attach the trialkoxysilyl group onto the polymer backbone. The silane is then available to react with moisture to crosslink the silane into a stable, three-dimensional siloxane structure. Such a mechanism can be used to crosslink plastics, especially polyethylene, and other organic resins, such as acrylics and urethanes, to impart durability, water resistance and heat resistance to paints, coatings and adhesives.

Silane Moisture Scavenger: The three alkoxy groups on silanes will hydrolyze in the presence of moisture to convert water molecules to alcohol molecules. Organotrialkoxysilanes are often used in sealants and other moisture-sensitive formulations as water scavengers.

Polypropylene Catalyst “Donor”: Organoalkoxysilanes are added to Ziegler-Natta catalyzed polymerization of propylene to control the stereochemistry of the resultant polypropylene. The donors are usually mono- or di-organo silanes with corresponding tri- or di-alkoxy substitution on silicon. By using specific organosilanes, the tacticity and properties of the polypropylene are controlled.

Silicate Stabilizer: A siliconate derivative of a phosphonate-functional trialkoxysilane functions as a silicate stabilizer to prevent agglomeration and precipitation of silicates during use. The predominant application is in engine coolant formulations to stabilize the silicate corrosion inhibitors.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/typical-silane-applications-80ac.html)

Silane coupling agents

Silane coupling agents are silicon-based chemicals that contain two types of reactivity–inorganic and organic–in the same molecule. A typical general structure is (RO)3SiCH2CH2CH2-X,where RO is a hydrolyzable group, such as methoxy, ethoxy, or acetoxy, and X is an organofunctional group, such as amino, methacryloxy, epoxy, etc.
A silane coupling agent will act at an interface between an inorganic substrate (such as glass, metal or mineral) and an organic material (such as an organic polymer, coating or adhesive) to bond, or couple, the two dissimilar materials.
A simplified picture of the coupling mechanism is shown in Figure 1.

(source:http://www.ac-chem.net/news/Silane-Coupling-Agents-9338.html)

Adhesion Accelerator

To provide an adhesion accelerator composition of a rubber and a metal not only good in initial adhesiveness, but also in heat resistant adhesiveness, wet heat adhesiveness, and destruction resistance characteristic.SOLUTION: This rubber composition containing an adhesion accelerator contains 0.5-5 pts.wt. bisphenol A derivative resin which is prepared by reacting a polyhydroxybenzene, a bisphenol A epoxy compound, and an aromatic compound containing a vinyl group, a cobalt salt of an organic acid whose cobalt content is 0.15-0.25 pts.wt., 2-12 pts.wt. sulfur, and 0.5-5 pts.wt. hexamethylene tetramine or a melamine derivative to 100 pts.wt. rubber component.

Vinyltrimethoxysilane

Vinyltrimethoxysilane is suitable for PE and copolymers of different density and plastic products of complicated profiles. It is suitable for use at high temperature. It provides the polymer with high resistance to decomposition at pressure, abrasion and impact as well as shape memory effect. To modify PE and other polymers, it can be grafted to the backbone chain of polymer so the side chain of polymer is provided with ester group as the active point for cross-linking in hot water. It can be used for the jacketing and insulation of wire and cables, tubing and other extruded or molded products.

Silane adhesion promoter

A second system that has been studied extensively because of its technical importance is the adhesion between epoxy resins and glass, particularly glass fibres. To improve the hydrolytic stability of the composite, the glass surfaces are normally modified by covering them with a thin layer of a silane adhesion promoter. These silanes are well known to self-assemble into mono-molecular and multi-molecular layers on surfaces such as glass or silicon dioxide. One end of the silane molecule typically has di or tri methoxy or ethoxy functionality whilst the other end normally has amine or epoxy functionality. The ethoxy functionality is believed to condense with the hydroxyl functionality on the surface of the glass whilst the amine functionality can react with the epoxy, as shown in Figure 2. Hence it is attractive to suggest a simple picture of a single molecular layer of silane adhesion promoter between the epoxy and the glass. However the real situation is much more complex. The amount of silane typically used is much too great to form a monolayer. Also as the silane has multi methoxy or ethoxy functionality it can self condense. The relatively thick layer of silane is believed to form a network and then the epoxy both mixes into and reacts with the network. Although it is clear that the silane causes covalent bonding between the glass and the epoxy, there is no way to estimate the actual density of coupling produced. It is interesting to note that fairly good adhesion can be obtained in dry conditions without the silane, however it has a profound effect on adhesion in the presence of water.

Resin Modifier

In order to study the influence of resin modifiers materials on the performance of  hot mix asphalts (HMA), two types of  resin modifiers were selected. One  was an Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR) and the other was an Epoxy Resin (ER). Also, unsaturated polyester resin mixed with 3% epoxy resin (UPRER) was used according to test results, which  gave preference to 3%  additions. Marshal test was conducted to study the stability, flow, bulk density, air voids (AV), voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) and voids filled with bitumen (VFA) for  controlled hot asphalt mixtures and  resin: modified  mixtures at various resin modifiers contents. A computer program named BISAR was also used to determine the total stress, strain and displacement in x-y, and z-direction for flexible pavements constructed with these  hot mix  asphalts modified with resin additives.Experimental results showed that all resin-modified asphalt mixtures have higher flow, bulk density and VFA compared with control mixture. The stability of asphalt mixtures with UPPER was always higher than the control mixture. Unlike, for type ER and UPR the stability was lower than the control mixture up to 1% and 2% respectively then they increase. The UPRER gave higher stability, flow, AV and VMA than the other types. Moreover, the UPR gave the highest value of bulk density and VFA. The maximum stability occurs at 3% resin modifiers content for all types. The total stress and strain relatively increase with the increase of mix depth till 10 cm, then they decrease for all types of resin modifiers. The maximum total stresses and strain in case of UPRER are higher values than those achieved by ER and UPR respectively. The total displacement in case of UPRER is higher than that achieved by ER and UPR respectively. As resin modifiers can improve the field performance of asphalt mixes comprehensively, they
will be of great benefit to the engineering field.

Vinyltrimethoxysilane

Vinyltrimethoxysilane is suitable for PE and copolymers of different density and plastic products of complicated profiles. It is suitable for use at high temperature. It provides the polymer with high resistance to decomposition at pressure, abrasion and impact as wellas shape memory effect. To modify PE and other polymers, it can be grafted to the backbone chain of polymer so the side chain of polymer is provided with ester group as the active point for cross-linking in hot water. It can be used for the jacketing and insulation of wire and cables, tubing and other extruded or molded products.  

silane crosslinkers

The corrosion behaviour of amine-cured epoxy silane sol-gel coatings has been studied by different authors The diethylenetriamine (DETA) is one of the most common epoxy crosslinkers used and an optimum amine concentration in terms of the best anticorrosive properties achieved by the coatings was reported by Vreugdenhil et al.  and by Davis et al.  of, respectively, 1.3 and 1 relative to the molar ratio ''epoxy group/amine reactive hydrogen''. Khramov et al.  also studied epoxy silane sol-gel coatings crosslinked with epoxy silanes and found significant improvement in these coatings corrosion performance in comparison to those of DETA crosslinked ones. In another study involving the addition of amino-silane crosslinkers , the above optimum molar ratio found ranged between 1 and 1.5. The aminosilanes present the advantage of contributing also to the inorganic network formation. Besides amino-silanes, other amines have been studied as alternative to DETA like di-amines of longer carbon chain  or branched amines , the resultant coatings showed better corrosion protection properties compared to those derived from formulations containing DETA as crosslinking agent. The epoxy-silane based coatings curing process (by heating or by the addition of crosslinking agents) is determinant for the establishment of both inorganic and organic networks of these hybrid coatings and should be appropriate to the precursors used in their synthesis. All the studies referred are focused on solely silane derived sol-gel coatings. In this work, a zirconium alkoxide precursor is used in addition to the epoxy silane one to produce the hybrid sol-gel coating for corrosion protection of the aluminium alloy EN AW 6063. This type of sol-gel coatings usually is thermally cured. The aim of this work is to study the corrosion properties of epoxy-silica-zirconia hybrid sol-gel coatings cured at room temperature by the addition of amine crosslinkers. Therefore, in the present work, epoxy-silica-zirconia hybrid sol-gel coatings were synthesized from glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and zirconium n-propoxide (TPOZ) precursors, applied to the aluminium alloy by dip-coating and cured at room temperature using two types of amine crosslinkers: diethylenetriamine (DETA), in different concentrations (GPTMS/amine-Hreactive molar ratios: 1.5 and 1), and a tri-functional amino-silane in that molar ratio of 1. A sol-gel coating prepared from the same precursors but without amine addition was also synthesized for comparison. The evolution of the curing process and the corrosion behaviour of the hybrid coated aluminium alloy specimens were evaluated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The morphology and surface chemistry of the hybrid coatings were also characterized by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) coupled to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

Silane coupling agents

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) provide the customers with more alternatives in the material market due to their unique advantages. Poor fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion may, however, negatively affect the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting composites due to the surface incompatibility between hydrophilic natural fibers and non-polar polymers (thermoplastics and thermosets). A variety of silanes (mostly trialkoxysilanes) have been applied as coupling agents in the NFPCs to promote interfacial adhesion and improve the properties of composites. This paper reviews the recent progress in using silane coupling agents for NFPCs, summarizes the effective silane structures from the silane family, clarifies the interaction mechanisms between natural fibers and polymer matrices, and presents the effects of silane treatments on the mechanical and outdoor performance of the resulting composites.

Amino Silane

A provision for the use of structure activity relationships (SAR) to reduce testing needs is included under EPA’s HPV Challenge Program. Specifically, categories may be formed based on structural similarity, through analogy, or through a combination of category and analogy for use with single chemicals. The benefits of using a category approach are numerous and include(1) accelerated release of hazard information to the public, as category analysis and testing is proposed to be initiated within the first two years of the HPV Program;(2) reduction in the number of animals used for testing; and (3) an economic savings as a result of a reduced testing program.
Two amino silane materials proposed to be categorized based on structural similarity are:
•  1-Propanamine, 3-(triethoxysilyl)- (CAS No. 919-30-2)
•  1,2-Ethanediamine, N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl]- (CAS No. 1760-24-3).  
Both of these amino silanes are listed as HPV Challenge Program chemicals. The development of this amino silane category follows current EPA guidance1

Effect of silane coupling agent on natural rubber filled with silica generated in situ

The effect of silane coupling agent was investigated for the novel in situ silica loading to the natural rubber (NR) matrix. The silica was generated in situ by the sol-gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane in the NR matrix before its crosslinking. γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) significantly prevented the delay of sulfur curing and increased the wettability of NR onto in situ silica, which resulted in the increase of reinforcement effect for the NR vulcanizate. γ-MPS decreased the interaction between the in situ silica particles followed by dispersing the in situ silica particles homogeneously and decreasing the hardness, compression set, hysteresis loss and storage modulus at the rubbery state of in situ silica-filled NR vulcanizate. The NR/in situ silica composite with γ-MPS is a promising material for a high performance rubber product.

Silane Coupling Agent for Attaching Fusion-Bonded Epoxy to Steel

We describe the possibility of using γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS) to increase the durability of epoxy powder coating/steel joints. The curing temperature of epoxy powder coatings is frequently above 200 °C, which is seen so far as a major limitation for the use of the heat-sensitive aminosilane coupling agent. Despite this limitation, we demonstrate that aminosilane is a competitive alternative to traditional chromate conversion to enhance the durability of epoxy powder coatings/steel joints. Fourier-transform reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy (FT-RAIRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to identify the silane deposition conditions that influence the adhesion of epoxy powder coatings on steel. We show that AFM analysis provides highly sensitive measurements of mechanical property development and, as such, the degree of condensation of the silane. The joint durability in water at 60 °C was lower when the pH of the γ-APS solution was controlled at 4.6 using formic acid, rather than that at natural pH (10.6). At the curing temperature of 220 °C, oxidation of the carbon adjacent to the amine headgroup of γ-APS gives amide species by a pseudofirst-order kinetics. However, a few amino functionalities remain to react with oxirane groups of epoxy resin and, thus, strengthen the epoxy/silane interphase. The formation of ammonium formate in the acidic silane inhibits the reaction between silane and epoxy, which consequently decreases the epoxy/silane interphase cohesion. We find that the nanoroughness of silane deposits increases with the cure temperature which is beneficial to the wet stability of the epoxy/steel joints, due to increased mechanical interlocking.

Why Silane Coupling Agents Are Used

When organic polymers are reinforced with glass fibers or minerals, the interface, or interphase region, between the polymer and the inorganic substrate is involved in a complex interplay of physical and chemical factors. These factors are related to adhesion, physical strength, coefficient of expansion, concentration gradients and retention of product properties. A very destructive force affecting adhesion is migration of water to the hydrophilic surface of the inorganic reinforcement. Water attacks the interface, destroying the bond between the polymer and reinforcement, but a “true” coupling agent creates a water-resistant bond at the interface between the inorganic and organic materials. Silane coupling agents have the unique chemical and physical properties not only to enhance bond strength but also, more importantly, to prevent de-bonding at the interface during composite aging and use. The coupling agent provides a stable bond between two otherwise poorly bonding surfaces. Figure 2 shows (via an SEM of the fracture surface) the difference in adhesion between a silica-filled epoxy resin with silane vs. without silane. With silane, the epoxy coating on the silica particles is apparent; without silane, clean silica particles can be seen in the epoxy matrix.
In composites, a substantial increase in flexural strength is possible through the use of the right silane coupling agents. Silane coupling agents also increase the bond strength of coatings and adhesives as well as their resistance to humidity and other adverse environmental conditions.

Other benefits silane coupling agents can provide include:
•    Better wetting of inorganic substrates
•    Lower viscosities during compounding
•    Smoother surfaces of composites
•    Less catalyst inhibition of thermoset composites
•    Clearer reinforced plastics

silane coupling agent

A method for preparing a silane coupling agent palygorskite, comprising the steps of: acid treatment (a) a silane coupling agent: A silane coupling agent was added to acetic acid using ethanol adjusting PH = 3 ~ 3.5, stirring at room temperature 0.2 ~ I h, acidified to give the silane coupling agent; said silane coupling agent is vinyl trimethoxy silane; (2) activation of palygorskite: palygorskite clay was added to the NaOH solution, at 45 ~ 65 ° C under magnetic stirring for 12 ~ 48h, then washed with distilled water to neutral, centrifuged and dried to yield the activated palygorskite, grinding stand; (3) Preparation of silane coupling agent palygorskite: A Activated palygorskite dispersed in ethanol - water mixture, the ultrasonic dispersion 15 ~ 40 min, then added to the above acidified silane crosslinker, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature 12 ~ 24h, centrifuged, dried, and then sew xylene solution in s extract 24 ~ 48 h; After Soxhlet extraction is complete, drying, grinding, that was grafted>silane coupling agent palygorskite.

Effect of Silane Crosslinker on the Thermal Properties of Rice Straw/HDPE Biocomposite

A formulation was designed to produce silane crosslinkable rice straw/high density polyethylene (RSPE) compound suitable for injection molding process. The formulations consist of high density polyethylene (HDPE) as the base polymer, rice straw as the filler, processing aids and a mixture of crosslink chemicals. Crosslink chemicals consist of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMO) as crosslinking agent, dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as the initiator, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL) as the condensation catalyst. Lignocellulosic material, rice straw was oven dried at 70°C for 24 h, grinded and sieved. A counter rotating twin shaft high speed mixer was utilized to mix the rice straw, HDPE and the processing aids. Blends were then compounded on co-rotating and intermeshing twin screw extruder. Test specimens were prepared via injection molding process followed by oven curing at 90°C. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) was used to determine the chemical group involved in the crosslinking reaction. Degree of crosslinking in the silane crosslinked compound was measured by determining their gel content. Thermal properties were analyzed on the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for the melt temperature, Tm, whereas Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis for its thermal stability behavior. The degree of crosslinking in RSPE increases with an increased in VTMO and DCP concentration. The results from FTIR showed the presence of Si-O-Si bond and Si-O-C indicative of crosslinks formation. Thermal behavior of the compound illustrated that the crosslinked RSPE was more stable than the uncrosslinked RSPE and pure HDPE, while the Tm was unchanged.

Epoxy Silane ——Protocol for DNA

The decision to use epoxy silane is frequently made by what you are interested in spotting and how you choose to attach to a surface. Epoxy silane slidesfunction by offering an epoxide ring that reacts with an amine group on thespotted material. Most proteins, as well as DNA, have available amine groupsthat covalently attach to the epoxide ring at high pH. Since these slides are'looking for' amine groups, we do not recommend the use of printing buffers thatmight also contain amines (such as Tris), since these will compete with thespotted material for attachment sites. If you are using a proprietary printingbuffer, you may want to check with the manufacturer.Whichever chemistry you require on a microarray slide (epoxy silane, aldehyde,aminosilane, poly-L-lysine), Thermo Fisher Scientific now offers the sameattachment chemistries on a new es surface. es can be described asmicroscopic mountains and valleys with uniformly coated functional groups.Arrayer spot-size is often controlled by the surface energy of the coating—hydrophobic coatings give smaller spot sizes, while hydrophilic coatings givelarger spot sizes. The benefit of es is more uniform spot size without altering your chemistry. The es surface will not affect the focusing or use of microarrayspotters and scanners because it is microscopic.The principles behind epoxy silane slidesThe epoxy silane slide surface provides available epoxide rings that react with anamine group on the spotted material. The DNA or protein can subsequently beattached covalently to theslide by incubating or by UV cross-linking. The epoxybond is probably the most robust attachment chemistry available to themicroarray scientist today. Thermo Fisher Scientific manufactures this productwithout the use of solvents or diluents that might leave a residue resulting in highbackground.

Silane coupling agents

Silane coupling agents are silicon-based chemicals that contain two types of reactivity–inorganic and organic–in the same molecule. A typical general structure is (RO)3SiCH2CH2CH2-X,where RO is a hydrolyzable group, such as methoxy, ethoxy, or acetoxy, and X is an organofunctional group, such as amino, methacryloxy, epoxy, etc.
A silane coupling agent will act at an interface between an inorganic substrate (such as glass, metal or mineral) and an organic material (such as an organic polymer, coating or adhesive) to bond, or couple, the two dissimilar materials.